{"id":4606,"date":"2019-06-24T15:16:25","date_gmt":"2019-06-24T07:16:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606"},"modified":"2020-05-17T23:14:41","modified_gmt":"2020-05-17T15:14:41","slug":"education-governance-reforms-and-skills-certification-of-filipino-entertainment-workers-exported-to-japan-1994-2004","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606","title":{"rendered":"Education governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japan\nhas a unique role as a niche market for \u201centertainment work\u201d in the Philippine labour\nexport enterprise. Filipinos first started working there as relatively\nhighstatus musicians (kashu) in the 1800s, and continued in such roles during\nWWII and into the post-war era of United States occupation. But towards the end\nof the 1970s, the status of migrant Filipino entertainers underwent a\ntransformation, as they became increasingly numerous, overwhelmingly female,\nand part of the world of mizu shobai (literally \u201cwater trade\u201d), as the\nnight-time urban bar scene is euphemistically known. This paper investigates\nthe relationship between this new influx of female entertainers-cum-sex\nworkers, referred to as Japayuki, and twin development strategies initiated by\nthe Marcos regime: promotion of tourism (including \u201csex tourism\u201d) and related\ncultural activities; and labour export. It analyses the link between the\nJapayuki phenomenon and the education reforms introduced during Marcos\u2019 \u201cNew\nSociety\u201d experiment (1965\u20131986) and further elaborated by succeeding\ngovernments\u2014especially the mechanisms for certifying women as qualified\nentertainers. A major factor identified here is the decentralisation (and\nsegmentation) of the country\u2019s education system, completed in 1994, which have\nmade it vulnerable to patronage politics and corruption. This is illustrated in\nthe case of the 2004 Japayuki certification scandal, which shows how the\ntechnical-vocational education sector was rendered complicit in legitimising\nthe export of Filipino labour for semi-illicit employment in Japan. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

DOWNLOAD<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Download PDF<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ABSTRACT Japan has a unique role as a niche market for \u201centertainment work\u201d in the Philippine labour export enterprise. Filipinos first started working there as relatively highstatus musicians (kashu) in the 1800s, and continued in such roles during WWII and into the post-war era of United States occupation. But towards the end of the 1970s, … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"\nEducation governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004) | IJAPS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606\",\"name\":\"Education governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004) | IJAPS\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-06-24T07:16:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-05-17T15:14:41+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Education governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Education governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004) | IJAPS","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606","url":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606","name":"Education governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004) | IJAPS","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-06-24T07:16:25+00:00","dateModified":"2020-05-17T15:14:41+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=4606#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Education governance reforms and skills certification of Filipino entertainment workers exported to Japan (1994-2004)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/","name":"","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4606"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4606"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5127,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4606\/revisions\/5127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}