{"id":341,"date":"2012-06-27T02:07:23","date_gmt":"2012-06-27T02:07:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341"},"modified":"2020-04-19T19:02:23","modified_gmt":"2020-04-19T11:02:23","slug":"paradoxes-higher-education-reforms-implications-malaysian-middle-class-akihito-aihara","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341","title":{"rendered":"Paradoxes of Higher Education Reforms: Implications on the Malaysian Middle Class, by Akihito Aihara"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Vol. 5, No. 1 (2009): 81\u2013113.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">What is the middle class? This conceptual conundrum remains unsolved, yet\u00a0higher education in Malaysia is deemed as one of the constituents. With special\u00a0reference to higher education reforms in the 1990s, this paper agrees with the\u00a0literature arguing that the Malaysian middle class is heterogeneous. Empirical\u00a0evidence from Population and Housing Census Malaysia 2000 indicates the\u00a0diversities and complexities within higher education that flow over to the terrain\u00a0of the Malaysian middle class. Meanwhile, this paper leaves open an old but\u00a0fundamental question: what is the notion of a class underlying the Malaysian\u00a0middle class studies that accept its heterogeneity but use the term, &#8220;the middle\u00a0class&#8221; or &#8220;the middle classes&#8221;?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Author&#8217;s bio<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akihito Aihara is currently completing PhD in Economics at School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), The University of London. His research interests include development economics and economics of education and labour markets, especially in Southeast Asia, and his doctoral research is on the political economy of higher education and labour markets in Malaysia. His most recently presented paper is \u201cMyth and Realities of Human Capital Theory: Evidence from Higher Education and Labour Markets in Malaysia\u201d at the 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference in Kuching, Malaysia. Other recent works include \u201cUnique Provision and Equal Access for All? Evidence from Higher Education in Malaysia,\u201d \u201cPublic-Private Differentials and Sector Selection: Evidence from Malaysia\u201d, and \u201cPublic-Private Choice in Higher Education and Employment with reference to Ethnicity in Malaysia.\u201d Previously, he served as researcher\/adviser at the political division of the Embassy of Japan in Malaysia where he focused on domestic politics, in particular ruling political parties and political-economic issues.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Download\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Akihito Aihara: Malaysia Education Reforms\" href=\"http:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Akihito_Aihara_EducationReforms.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download full article (PDF)<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vol. 5, No. 1 (2009): 81\u2013113. Abstract What is the middle class? This conceptual conundrum remains unsolved, yet\u00a0higher education in Malaysia is deemed as one of the constituents. With special\u00a0reference to higher education reforms in the 1990s, this paper agrees with the\u00a0literature arguing that the Malaysian middle class is heterogeneous. Empirical\u00a0evidence from Population and Housing &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Akihito Airaha&#039;s Article and Profile on IJAPS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Akihiro Airaha&#039;s article and profile on International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies: Paradoxes of Higher Educational Reforms.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341\",\"name\":\"Akihito Airaha's Article and Profile on IJAPS\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2012-06-27T02:07:23+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-04-19T11:02:23+00:00\",\"description\":\"Akihiro Airaha's article and profile on International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies: Paradoxes of Higher Educational Reforms.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Paradoxes of Higher Education Reforms: Implications on the Malaysian Middle Class, by Akihito Aihara\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Akihito Airaha's Article and Profile on IJAPS","description":"Akihiro Airaha's article and profile on International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies: Paradoxes of Higher Educational Reforms.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341","url":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341","name":"Akihito Airaha's Article and Profile on IJAPS","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website"},"datePublished":"2012-06-27T02:07:23+00:00","dateModified":"2020-04-19T11:02:23+00:00","description":"Akihiro Airaha's article and profile on International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies: Paradoxes of Higher Educational Reforms.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?page_id=341#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Paradoxes of Higher Education Reforms: Implications on the Malaysian Middle Class, by Akihito Aihara"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/","name":"","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2vBDF-5v","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/341"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=341"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/341\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4946,"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/341\/revisions\/4946"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ijaps.usm.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=341"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}